Programming Concepts

input : to get data from various sources. Input can be represented by:
- function call arguments
- file
- networked device
- online service
- user input
output : to send data to various streams. Output can be represented by:
- output to the screen
- output to a file
- output to an online service or networked device
variables : store and reference values
classes : encapsulate attributes and methods that define a type of object
operations are of various types:
- mathematical operations
  - arithmetic (e.g., additiona, multiplication)
  - logical (e.g., AND, OR, NOT)
  - comparision (e.g., less than, greater than or equal to, not equal)
- collections processing operations (e.g., concatenate strings, index a sequence to get the value of the sequence element)
- bitwise operation
- and more …
conditionals : check for conditions and choose what to execute based on them. Types of conditionals:
- single branch conditional
- two-branch conditional
- multiple-branch conditional
loops : do some action repeatedly. Types of loops:
- loop or iteration a given number of times (e.g., for each element in a collection)
- loop or iteration while a condition is true (e.g., while condition)
functions or methods :
- define and call named set of instructions